Research contributions, statements, and references
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Speaking to Asharq News, Muhsen AlMustafa explains that eased licensing restrictions allow applications to be considered while Washington retains approval authority. He stresses turning unified command into an institution where loyalty to the state supersedes factional affiliation, with doctrine guiding missions, training and equipment, while noting improvements in the army’s structure. He advocates gradual rebuilding with sustainable funding for salaries, training and maintenance. He warns that reliance on a single supporter could create influence, but considers this unlikely given the leadership’s commitment to independent decision-making.
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Abwab’s review of Misdad’s first issue discusses “Russian Bases and Syrian Sovereignty” in its section on sovereignty and authority on the ground, covering Russian military presence at Hmeimim and Tartus and its arrangements.
Referenced work: القواعد الروسية والسيادة السورية.
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The working paper cites “Toward a Unified National Army: The Ministry of Defense’s Restructuring Plan” and “Syrian Army Discipline: Standards and Sustainability Measures,” published by the Omran Center for Strategic Studies. The citations appear on PDF pages 13 and 16, with the references on PDF page 31. The paper was posted on SSRN on 5 October 2026 and revised on 6 October.
Cited works: Toward a Unified National Army: The Ministry of Defense’s Restructuring Plan؛ Syrian Army Discipline: Standards and Sustainability Measures.
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Misdad Center’s paper on women’s policing cites “Code of Conduct: A Necessary Step in Security Reform” (Arabic original) while discussing institutional reform and public trust in Syria. It appears as Arabic bibliography item 21 and footnote 29.
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Çağlar Özer’s article in Lectio Socialis cited the English-language paper “Beyond the Axis: Israel’s Approach in Syria from Threat Management to Reshaping the Security Environment.” The citation appears in the discussion on page 8, and the paper is listed in the references on page 16.
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Reference
The article cites the Arabic study “Beyond the Axis,” published by the Omran Center for Strategic Studies, in its discussion of the geographical distribution of Israeli operations, patterns of intervention, and the shaping of the security environment. Citation markers 1 and 2 appear on page 77; the reference is on page 82, where note 2 refers to the same source. The article appeared in Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyya, issue 148, Autumn 2026.
Cited work: ما بعد المحور: المقاربة الإسرائيلية في سورية من إدارة التهديد إلى تشكيل المجال الأمني.
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Muhsen al-Mustafa comments on Israel’s security-zone reach.
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ReferenceSamer Abboud’s study for the Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) cited “What Was Syria’s Violence About?”, an interview conducted by Michael Young and published by Carnegie. The reference appears in footnote 9 in the discussion of Giath Dalla.
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ReferenceThe Egyptian Institute for Studies bulletin “Us and the World” summarized findings and used data from the longer Arabic study on Israel’s approach in Syria, linking to the Omran publication. The issue title refers to 15 May, while the publication page displays 17 May 2026.
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Issue 29/2026 of SWP’s Middle East and North Africa Web Monitor lists “Toward a Unified National Army: The Ministry of Defense’s Restructuring Plan” on page 16, in the section on Syria’s transition and reconstruction. The title and Omran source link appear as a bibliographic entry, not an analytical endorsement of the study.
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Version 13 of the BFA’s Syria country information reuses an earlier assessment of the treatment of Arab draft evaders in SDF-controlled areas, through ACCORD’s response of 6 September 2023.
Earlier contribution: Refusal of Self-Defence Service: Consequences, the Situation of Arabs and Deployment at the Front.
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Issue 11/2026 of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) bibliographic bulletin listed “Syrian Army Discipline: Standards and Sustainability Measures.” The study’s title and Omran link appear on page 8 in the section on transition and reconstruction in Syria.







